Davno zaboravljene bolesti konja u Srbiji – sakagija i durina

Abstract

Sakagija i durina su dve zarazne bolesti primarno kopitara, poznate od davnina koje su na teritoriji Srbije iskorenjene još u prošlom veku zahvaljujući radikalnim veterinarsko-sanitarnim merama i velikim naporima veterinara. Sakagija (maleus) je zoonoza koju izaziva gram negativna bakterija Burkholderia mallei, a karakteriše se pojavom čvorića i ulceracija na koži i potkožnom tkivu, plućima i unutrašnjim organima. Ovo teško oboljenje kopitara opisali su davno Hipokrat i Aristotel, a zbog svojih odlika korišćeno je kao biološko oružje. Durina je polno prenosiva zaraza kopitara koju izaziva flagelarna protozoa Trypanosoma equiperdum. Pored karakterističnih promena na reproduktivnim organima, oboljenje se manifestuje i drugim komplikacijama, pri čemu letalitet može iznositi čak 50%. Oba oboljenja predstavljala su veliki problem za konje (sakagija i za ljude) tokom Prvog i Drugog svetskog rata. Danas se endemski javljaju na određenim geolokalitetima Azije, Afrike i Južne Amerike. Scenario iz Brazila (2009) i Nemačke (2014) kada su potvrđeni slučajevi sakagije, kao i iz Italije (2011) kada je potvrđeno 6 žarišta durine opominju nas da postoji konstantan rizik od ponovnog pojavljivanja obe zaraze, olakšan internacionalnim kretanjem konja i konjičkim sportovima. Saglasno propisima OIE-a, dijagnostika obe zaraze zasniva se primarno na otkrivanju seroreaktivnih jedinki reakcijom vezivanja komplementa (RVK). Na Odeljenje za imunologiju, Naučnog instituta za veterinarstvo Srbije su u toku 2022. godine za serološku dijagnostiku sakagije primljeni uzorci krvi poreklom od 49 grla, odnosno od 22 grla za dijagnostiku durine. Metodom RVK ni u jednom od ispitanih seruma nije utvrđeno prisustvo specifičnih antitela protiv uzročnika sakagije, odnosno durine. Premda je konjarstvo u Srbiji tokom godina iz različitih razloga vidno devastirano, primetan je trend porasta broja uzoraka poreklom od konja za dijagnostiku ovih veoma ozbiljnih i značajnih zaraznih bolesti. Edukacijom vlasnika i veterinara, pravovremenom i adekvatnom dijagnostikom moguće je održati status zemlje slobodne od sakagije i durine.

Glanders and dourine are two contagious diseases primarily of equids, known since antiquity and considered eradicated from Serbia in the last century, which was enabled by radical veterinary-sanitary measures, and strong efforts of veterinarians. Glanders is zoonosis caused by gram negative bacteria Burkholderia mallei, characterized with nodules and ulcerations present in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, lungs and inner organs. This severe disease was described by Hippocrates and Aristotle, and considering its features was used as a biological weapon. Dourine is contagious venereal disease of equids caused by flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma equiperdum. Beside characteristic clinical signs on the genital tract, it can be manifested with other complications, and lethality can reach 50%. Both diseases presented significant trouble for horses (glanders also for humans) during the First and the Second World War. Nowadays the diseases are still endemic in Africa, Asia and South America. Scenario from Brazil (2009) and Germany (2014) with confirmed cases of glanders, also from Italy (2011) with 6 dourine outbreaks confirmed forewarn us that the permanent risk of the re-emergence of both diseases is existent, facilitated with international horse trade and equestrian sports. According to the OIE, disease diagnostic is primarily directed on revealing seroreactive individuals using complement fixation test (CFT). During 2022 on the Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Department of Immunology, for the serodiagnostic of glanders and dourine were received blood samples from 49 and 22 horses, respectively. By CFT no specific antibodies against causative agent of glanders, i.e. dourine were detected. Despite equestrianism in Serbia is from different reasons devastated for long, an increased number of equine samples for the diagnostics of the two important contagious diseases is noticed. By education of owners and veterinarians, forehand and adequate diagnostics it is possible to maintain the status of a country free from glanders and dourine.