Kvalitet ugljenohidratnih hraniva za ishranu šarana

Abstract

Šaran kao riba svaštojed tokom gajenja u ribnjacima sa poluintenzivnim sistemom koristi prirodnu i dodatnu hranu. Od prirodne hrane uzima faunu dna, zooplankton, semenje vodenih biljaka, mlade izdanke, a kao dodatak jede ugljenohidratnu hranu (zrnasta, prekrupljena ili samlevena) i peletirane smeše. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se ukaže na učestalost pojavljivanja nedostataka u kvalitetu različitih hraniva za šarana radi zaštite ribljeg fonda, poboljšanja proizvodnih rezultata i preveniranja problema zdravstvene i nutritivne prirode. Prikazani su rezultati analize hemijskog sastava 45 uzoraka, mikrobiološke analize 43 uzorka i mikotoksikološke analize 22 uzorka ugljenohidratnih hraniva (pšenica, ječam i kukuruz) koja se koriste u obrocima dvogodišnjeg šarana i koja su, posle uzorkovanja na samim ribnjacima, pristizala u laboratorije NIVS na kontrolu u toku 2003. go-dine. Hemijskom analizom utvrđen je prosečan sadržaj vlage od 13,66% (10,50-15,25%), dok gotovo 10 posto od ukupnog broja uzoraka nije ispunilo uslove kvaliteta u pogledu ovog parametra, odnosno u njima su znatno nadmašeni limiti predviđeni zakonskom regulativom. Ispitivanjem sadržaja proteina konstatovano je da u velikom broju slučajeva žitarice sadrže niže količine ovih materija, sa prosečnom vrednošću od 10,15% (6,13-14,53%). Broj saprofitskih bakterija u ispitivanim hranivima vrlo varira, ali su svi pregledani uzorci sadržali dozvoljen broj ovih mikroorganizama, prosečno oko 500 000 u 1 g (20 000-2 000 000). Gljivice plesni su bile nezaobilazno prisutne u svim nalazima u prosečnom broju od 150 000 po 1 g uzorka (2 000-900 000), a bile su primarni uzrok higijenske neispravnosti žitarica u skoro 10 posto slučajeva. Determinacijom plesni najčešće su izolovani Penicillium spp., Mucorspp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. i Rhisopus spp. U svih 22 analizirana uzorka na prisustvo mikotoksina ustanovljeno je prisustvo izvesne količine ovih produkata gljivica plesni. Najčešće prisutni mikotoksini bill su zearalenon, prosečno 3,12 ppm (0,8-5,33 ppm) i ohratoksin, prosečno 0,24 ppm (0,16-0,35 ppm), dok je aflatoksin detektovan u tragovima (manje od 0,05 ppm). Redovni monitoring kvaliteta hrane neophodan je kako bi se preduzele sve mere radi zaštite zdravstvenog stanja i poboljšanja proizvodnih rezultata u našim šaranskim ribnjacima.

As an omnivorous fish, the carp uses both natural and additional food during breeding in fish ponds with a semiintensive maintenance system. Of the natural food, it takes the fauna from the bottom, zooplankton, seeds of water plants, young shoots, and, as additional food, it consumes carbohydrate feed (grain, meal or ground) and pellet mixes. The objective of this work was to point out the frequent faults in the quality of different feeds for carp for the protection of the fish fund, improving production results and preventing problems of health or nutritive nature. The paper presents the results of analyses of the chemical composition of 45 samples microbiological analyses of 43 samples, and mucotoxicological analyses of 22 samples of carbohydrate feed (wheat, oats, corn) used in feed rations for two-year carp, and which were received by the NIVS laboratories for control during the year 2003, following sampling in the fish ponds themselves. It was established on the grounds of chemical analysis that the average humidity content was 13.66% (10.50-15.25%), while almost 10% of the total number of samples did not meet the quality conditions regarding this parameter, actually, they were shown considerably to exceed the limits envisaged under legal regulations. Investigations of protein content showed that in many cases wheat contained smaller quantities of these matter, with an average value of 10.15% (6.13-14.53%). The number of saprophytic bacteria in the examined feed varied considerably, but all examined samples contained a permitted number of these microorganisms, on the average, about 500,000 in 1 g (20,000-2,000,000). Mold fungi were inevitably present in all findings in average quantities of 150,000 per 1g of sample (2,000-900,000), and they were the primary cause of the lack of hygiene safety of wheat in almost 10% cases. The determination of mold most often resulted in the isolation of Penicillium spp., Mucorspp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Rhisopus spp. In all 22 samples analyzed for the presence of mucotoxins, we determined the presence of certain quantities of these products of mold fungi. The most frequently present mucotoxins were zearalenon, 3.12 ppm (0.8-5.33 ppm) on the average, and ochratoxin, 0.24 ppm (0.16-0.35 ppm) on the average, while aflatoxin was detected in traces (under 0.05 ppm). Regular monitoring of feed quality is necessary in order to take every possible measure towards the protection of the state of health and improving the production results in domestic carp fish ponds.