Slinavka i šap - bolest koja nam stalno preti
Foot and mouth disease - constantly threatening disease
![](/themes/Miragereponivs//images/openAccess.png)
2023
Аутори
Milićević, Vesna![](/themes/Miragereponivs/images/orcid.png)
Kureljušić, Branislav
![](/themes/Miragereponivs/images/orcid.png)
Glišić, Dimitrije
![](/themes/Miragereponivs/images/orcid.png)
Milovanović, Bojan
![](/themes/Miragereponivs/images/orcid.png)
Veljović, Ljubiša
![](/themes/Miragereponivs/images/orcid.png)
Конференцијски прилог (Објављена верзија)
Метаподаци
Приказ свих података о документуАпстракт
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic
and wild ungulates and one of the most important diseases of animals in international
trade because it spreads very quickly and causes significant economic losses. In Africa,
Asia, the Middle East and a limited area of South America, FMD is an enzootic disease
and is controlled by vaccination. It is estimated that 77% of the world's livestock
population is affected by FMD (WOAH, 2022). Countries that are free of FMD without
vaccination are constantly at risk and invest heavily in preventing the introduction of
the virus. The causative agent of this disease is the FMD virus, which belongs to the
genus Aphtovirus and the family Picornaviridae. The virus is relatively resistant and
can survive in contaminated materials and the environment for several months under
ideal conditions. There are 7 serotypes and more than 60 subtypes of the FMD virus.
Immunity against one type of virus does not protect the ...animal from other serotypes
or subtypes.
The last cases of FMD in Europe were recorded in 2001 in the United Kingdom
(UK) and in 2011 in Bulgaria. FMD in the UK was registered on 2000 farms, as a result
of which about seven million animals were killed (Sutmoller et al., 2003). In Bulgaria,
the first case was detected in a wild boar on the border with Turkey, and then the
disease spread to domestic animals, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs on 11 farms. 2230 animals were killed in Bulgaria. Although sporadic cases of the disease were later
detected in wild game, it has not been proven that the FMD virus can be maintained in
wild animal populations (Elbers et al., 2003). The most common mechanism of the
spread of FMD is through direct contact, which can take the form of mechanical
transmission of the virus from infected to healthy animals through the skin and
mucous membranes or by aerosol and even by wind. The most important source of
infection is the contents of the vesicle, but the virus is also excreted in all
secretions/excreta, as well as in exhaled air. Cattle excrete less virus in their breath,
but, unlike pigs, they are very susceptible to infection through the respiratory route.
The minimum infectious dose of airborne virus for ruminants is only 10 TCID50, while
for pigs it is 103 TCID50 (Alekandersen et al., 2003). On the other hand, pigs are
considered an amplifier of the virus because they produce and excrete the most virus,
and therefore represent the greatest risk of spreading the disease. Depending on the
wind speed, infected pigs are a source of infection especially for cattle for miles
around. Such spread was noted in the UK when the disease was transferred from a pig
farm on the Isle of Wight to an area in northern France (Donaldson et al., 1982).
In addition to the pig phenomenon, a persistent form of infection in the
nasopharyngeal epithelium and lymphatic tissue is very important epizootiologically.
Persistent infection is defined as the presence of an infectious virus in the esophagealpharyngeal
(OP) fluid more than 15 or 21 days after infection in vaccinated or infected
cattle. The maximum duration of persistent infection in cattle is 3.5 years, sheep 9
months and goats 4 months (Alekandersen et al., 2003).
Clinically, the disease is characterized by a high body temperature (~
the appearance of vesicles in the oral cavity, feet and teats. After the bursting of the
vesicles, the processes become extremely painful, as a result of which the animals
cannot eat and avoid standing up if they have changes in their hooves. Most of the
affected animals recover, but with significant consequences, especially in milk
production. It is interesting that in young animals, sudden death can be the only sign
due to multifocal myocarditis that occurs before the appearance of vesicles. The
disease in sheep is mostly inapparent, which is why sheep are the species of choice for
serological surveillance of FMD.
In relation to the distribution of viruses, there are 7 enzootic areas (pools)
characterized by virus genotypes that circulate and develop independently within the
area. However, every year, the virus jumps from one area to another, usually through
illegal animal traffic. A very worrying epizootic event was recorded in early 2023 with
the emergence of SAT2/KSIV in Iraq, Jordan and Turkey (ADIS, 2023). The SAT2
epizootic was registered in three districts in Turkey on March 3, 2023, in the east of
the country. Out of 4944 susceptible animals, in all three districts, 7 clinical cases and
no deaths were determined. Analyzes of the nucleotide sequences of viruses from
these areas confirmed that the epizootics were caused by viruses of the SAT2/KSIV
topotype closely related to the viruses from Ethiopia in 2022. Considering that this is
the first occurrence of SAT2 in the mentioned countries where the population is fully
received, there is a justified concern from the rapid spread to other countries in the
region, the buffer zone without FMD in Thrace, as well as further west.
Turkey is the bridge that connects Europe and Asia and as such is very important
epizootiologically. The mass movements of animals in Turkey are always in the
direction of the west, towards the Marmara region and further towards Europe.
Foot and mouth disease is one of the most difficult animal diseases to control.
Different strategies can be applied to control FMD including mass vaccination as is the
case in Turkey.
Traditional measures to prevent the spread are the prohibition of traffic and trade
in animals and animal products from infected areas. Strict control at the border is a
crucial tactical measure because it has been shown that the legal and illegal movement
of animals contributes to the spread of diseases. In case of disease, the "stamping out"
method is applied, with the possibility of ring vaccination.
FMD is always a current topic because of its disastrous consequences in livestock
farming. In the future, due to rapid genetic change among serotypes, the virus will
continue to evolve and cause epizootics in enzootic areas. Therefore, trained
veterinary staff, good infrastructure, trained management and rapid diagnostic testing
in well-equipped laboratories must be ensured before the emergence of SIS. In
addition, the existence of an effective monitoring and surveillance system is crucial.
Serbia is a country free from FMD. Every year, for the purpose of confirming the free
status, surveillance is carried out by serological testing of a representative number of samples, Legislatively, SIŠ is regulated by the Ruleboook on establishing measures for
early detection, diagnosis, prevention of the spread, suppression and eradication of
foot-and-mouth disease ("Official Gazette of the RS", no. 15/2010) and the Rulebook
on establishing a crisis management plan (" Official Gazette of the RS", No. 90/2015)
Кључне речи:
Foot and mouth disease / SAT2 / prevention / controlИзвор:
34. Savetovanje veterinara Srbije, Zlatibor, 7-10. septembar 2023, 2023, 16-20Издавач:
- Beograd : Srpsko veterinarsko društvo
Институција/група
Naučni institut za veterinarstvo SrbijeTY - CONF AU - Milićević, Vesna AU - Kureljušić, Branislav AU - Glišić, Dimitrije AU - Milovanović, Bojan AU - Veljović, Ljubiša PY - 2023 UR - https://reponivs.nivs.rs/handle/123456789/768 AB - Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ungulates and one of the most important diseases of animals in international trade because it spreads very quickly and causes significant economic losses. In Africa, Asia, the Middle East and a limited area of South America, FMD is an enzootic disease and is controlled by vaccination. It is estimated that 77% of the world's livestock population is affected by FMD (WOAH, 2022). Countries that are free of FMD without vaccination are constantly at risk and invest heavily in preventing the introduction of the virus. The causative agent of this disease is the FMD virus, which belongs to the genus Aphtovirus and the family Picornaviridae. The virus is relatively resistant and can survive in contaminated materials and the environment for several months under ideal conditions. There are 7 serotypes and more than 60 subtypes of the FMD virus. Immunity against one type of virus does not protect the animal from other serotypes or subtypes. The last cases of FMD in Europe were recorded in 2001 in the United Kingdom (UK) and in 2011 in Bulgaria. FMD in the UK was registered on 2000 farms, as a result of which about seven million animals were killed (Sutmoller et al., 2003). In Bulgaria, the first case was detected in a wild boar on the border with Turkey, and then the disease spread to domestic animals, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs on 11 farms. 2230 animals were killed in Bulgaria. Although sporadic cases of the disease were later detected in wild game, it has not been proven that the FMD virus can be maintained in wild animal populations (Elbers et al., 2003). The most common mechanism of the spread of FMD is through direct contact, which can take the form of mechanical transmission of the virus from infected to healthy animals through the skin and mucous membranes or by aerosol and even by wind. The most important source of infection is the contents of the vesicle, but the virus is also excreted in all secretions/excreta, as well as in exhaled air. Cattle excrete less virus in their breath, but, unlike pigs, they are very susceptible to infection through the respiratory route. The minimum infectious dose of airborne virus for ruminants is only 10 TCID50, while for pigs it is 103 TCID50 (Alekandersen et al., 2003). On the other hand, pigs are considered an amplifier of the virus because they produce and excrete the most virus, and therefore represent the greatest risk of spreading the disease. Depending on the wind speed, infected pigs are a source of infection especially for cattle for miles around. Such spread was noted in the UK when the disease was transferred from a pig farm on the Isle of Wight to an area in northern France (Donaldson et al., 1982). In addition to the pig phenomenon, a persistent form of infection in the nasopharyngeal epithelium and lymphatic tissue is very important epizootiologically. Persistent infection is defined as the presence of an infectious virus in the esophagealpharyngeal (OP) fluid more than 15 or 21 days after infection in vaccinated or infected cattle. The maximum duration of persistent infection in cattle is 3.5 years, sheep 9 months and goats 4 months (Alekandersen et al., 2003). Clinically, the disease is characterized by a high body temperature (~ the appearance of vesicles in the oral cavity, feet and teats. After the bursting of the vesicles, the processes become extremely painful, as a result of which the animals cannot eat and avoid standing up if they have changes in their hooves. Most of the affected animals recover, but with significant consequences, especially in milk production. It is interesting that in young animals, sudden death can be the only sign due to multifocal myocarditis that occurs before the appearance of vesicles. The disease in sheep is mostly inapparent, which is why sheep are the species of choice for serological surveillance of FMD. In relation to the distribution of viruses, there are 7 enzootic areas (pools) characterized by virus genotypes that circulate and develop independently within the area. However, every year, the virus jumps from one area to another, usually through illegal animal traffic. A very worrying epizootic event was recorded in early 2023 with the emergence of SAT2/KSIV in Iraq, Jordan and Turkey (ADIS, 2023). The SAT2 epizootic was registered in three districts in Turkey on March 3, 2023, in the east of the country. Out of 4944 susceptible animals, in all three districts, 7 clinical cases and no deaths were determined. Analyzes of the nucleotide sequences of viruses from these areas confirmed that the epizootics were caused by viruses of the SAT2/KSIV topotype closely related to the viruses from Ethiopia in 2022. Considering that this is the first occurrence of SAT2 in the mentioned countries where the population is fully received, there is a justified concern from the rapid spread to other countries in the region, the buffer zone without FMD in Thrace, as well as further west. Turkey is the bridge that connects Europe and Asia and as such is very important epizootiologically. The mass movements of animals in Turkey are always in the direction of the west, towards the Marmara region and further towards Europe. Foot and mouth disease is one of the most difficult animal diseases to control. Different strategies can be applied to control FMD including mass vaccination as is the case in Turkey. Traditional measures to prevent the spread are the prohibition of traffic and trade in animals and animal products from infected areas. Strict control at the border is a crucial tactical measure because it has been shown that the legal and illegal movement of animals contributes to the spread of diseases. In case of disease, the "stamping out" method is applied, with the possibility of ring vaccination. FMD is always a current topic because of its disastrous consequences in livestock farming. In the future, due to rapid genetic change among serotypes, the virus will continue to evolve and cause epizootics in enzootic areas. Therefore, trained veterinary staff, good infrastructure, trained management and rapid diagnostic testing in well-equipped laboratories must be ensured before the emergence of SIS. In addition, the existence of an effective monitoring and surveillance system is crucial. Serbia is a country free from FMD. Every year, for the purpose of confirming the free status, surveillance is carried out by serological testing of a representative number of samples, Legislatively, SIŠ is regulated by the Ruleboook on establishing measures for early detection, diagnosis, prevention of the spread, suppression and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease ("Official Gazette of the RS", no. 15/2010) and the Rulebook on establishing a crisis management plan (" Official Gazette of the RS", No. 90/2015) PB - Beograd : Srpsko veterinarsko društvo C3 - 34. Savetovanje veterinara Srbije, Zlatibor, 7-10. septembar 2023 T1 - Slinavka i šap - bolest koja nam stalno preti T1 - Foot and mouth disease - constantly threatening disease EP - 20 SP - 16 ER -
@conference{ author = "Milićević, Vesna and Kureljušić, Branislav and Glišić, Dimitrije and Milovanović, Bojan and Veljović, Ljubiša", year = "2023", abstract = "Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ungulates and one of the most important diseases of animals in international trade because it spreads very quickly and causes significant economic losses. In Africa, Asia, the Middle East and a limited area of South America, FMD is an enzootic disease and is controlled by vaccination. It is estimated that 77% of the world's livestock population is affected by FMD (WOAH, 2022). Countries that are free of FMD without vaccination are constantly at risk and invest heavily in preventing the introduction of the virus. The causative agent of this disease is the FMD virus, which belongs to the genus Aphtovirus and the family Picornaviridae. The virus is relatively resistant and can survive in contaminated materials and the environment for several months under ideal conditions. There are 7 serotypes and more than 60 subtypes of the FMD virus. Immunity against one type of virus does not protect the animal from other serotypes or subtypes. The last cases of FMD in Europe were recorded in 2001 in the United Kingdom (UK) and in 2011 in Bulgaria. FMD in the UK was registered on 2000 farms, as a result of which about seven million animals were killed (Sutmoller et al., 2003). In Bulgaria, the first case was detected in a wild boar on the border with Turkey, and then the disease spread to domestic animals, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs on 11 farms. 2230 animals were killed in Bulgaria. Although sporadic cases of the disease were later detected in wild game, it has not been proven that the FMD virus can be maintained in wild animal populations (Elbers et al., 2003). The most common mechanism of the spread of FMD is through direct contact, which can take the form of mechanical transmission of the virus from infected to healthy animals through the skin and mucous membranes or by aerosol and even by wind. The most important source of infection is the contents of the vesicle, but the virus is also excreted in all secretions/excreta, as well as in exhaled air. Cattle excrete less virus in their breath, but, unlike pigs, they are very susceptible to infection through the respiratory route. The minimum infectious dose of airborne virus for ruminants is only 10 TCID50, while for pigs it is 103 TCID50 (Alekandersen et al., 2003). On the other hand, pigs are considered an amplifier of the virus because they produce and excrete the most virus, and therefore represent the greatest risk of spreading the disease. Depending on the wind speed, infected pigs are a source of infection especially for cattle for miles around. Such spread was noted in the UK when the disease was transferred from a pig farm on the Isle of Wight to an area in northern France (Donaldson et al., 1982). In addition to the pig phenomenon, a persistent form of infection in the nasopharyngeal epithelium and lymphatic tissue is very important epizootiologically. Persistent infection is defined as the presence of an infectious virus in the esophagealpharyngeal (OP) fluid more than 15 or 21 days after infection in vaccinated or infected cattle. The maximum duration of persistent infection in cattle is 3.5 years, sheep 9 months and goats 4 months (Alekandersen et al., 2003). Clinically, the disease is characterized by a high body temperature (~ the appearance of vesicles in the oral cavity, feet and teats. After the bursting of the vesicles, the processes become extremely painful, as a result of which the animals cannot eat and avoid standing up if they have changes in their hooves. Most of the affected animals recover, but with significant consequences, especially in milk production. It is interesting that in young animals, sudden death can be the only sign due to multifocal myocarditis that occurs before the appearance of vesicles. The disease in sheep is mostly inapparent, which is why sheep are the species of choice for serological surveillance of FMD. In relation to the distribution of viruses, there are 7 enzootic areas (pools) characterized by virus genotypes that circulate and develop independently within the area. However, every year, the virus jumps from one area to another, usually through illegal animal traffic. A very worrying epizootic event was recorded in early 2023 with the emergence of SAT2/KSIV in Iraq, Jordan and Turkey (ADIS, 2023). The SAT2 epizootic was registered in three districts in Turkey on March 3, 2023, in the east of the country. Out of 4944 susceptible animals, in all three districts, 7 clinical cases and no deaths were determined. Analyzes of the nucleotide sequences of viruses from these areas confirmed that the epizootics were caused by viruses of the SAT2/KSIV topotype closely related to the viruses from Ethiopia in 2022. Considering that this is the first occurrence of SAT2 in the mentioned countries where the population is fully received, there is a justified concern from the rapid spread to other countries in the region, the buffer zone without FMD in Thrace, as well as further west. Turkey is the bridge that connects Europe and Asia and as such is very important epizootiologically. The mass movements of animals in Turkey are always in the direction of the west, towards the Marmara region and further towards Europe. Foot and mouth disease is one of the most difficult animal diseases to control. Different strategies can be applied to control FMD including mass vaccination as is the case in Turkey. Traditional measures to prevent the spread are the prohibition of traffic and trade in animals and animal products from infected areas. Strict control at the border is a crucial tactical measure because it has been shown that the legal and illegal movement of animals contributes to the spread of diseases. In case of disease, the "stamping out" method is applied, with the possibility of ring vaccination. FMD is always a current topic because of its disastrous consequences in livestock farming. In the future, due to rapid genetic change among serotypes, the virus will continue to evolve and cause epizootics in enzootic areas. Therefore, trained veterinary staff, good infrastructure, trained management and rapid diagnostic testing in well-equipped laboratories must be ensured before the emergence of SIS. In addition, the existence of an effective monitoring and surveillance system is crucial. Serbia is a country free from FMD. Every year, for the purpose of confirming the free status, surveillance is carried out by serological testing of a representative number of samples, Legislatively, SIŠ is regulated by the Ruleboook on establishing measures for early detection, diagnosis, prevention of the spread, suppression and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease ("Official Gazette of the RS", no. 15/2010) and the Rulebook on establishing a crisis management plan (" Official Gazette of the RS", No. 90/2015)", publisher = "Beograd : Srpsko veterinarsko društvo", journal = "34. Savetovanje veterinara Srbije, Zlatibor, 7-10. septembar 2023", title = "Slinavka i šap - bolest koja nam stalno preti, Foot and mouth disease - constantly threatening disease", pages = "20-16" }
Milićević, V., Kureljušić, B., Glišić, D., Milovanović, B.,& Veljović, L.. (2023). Slinavka i šap - bolest koja nam stalno preti. in 34. Savetovanje veterinara Srbije, Zlatibor, 7-10. septembar 2023 Beograd : Srpsko veterinarsko društvo., 16-20.
Milićević V, Kureljušić B, Glišić D, Milovanović B, Veljović L. Slinavka i šap - bolest koja nam stalno preti. in 34. Savetovanje veterinara Srbije, Zlatibor, 7-10. septembar 2023. 2023;:16-20..
Milićević, Vesna, Kureljušić, Branislav, Glišić, Dimitrije, Milovanović, Bojan, Veljović, Ljubiša, "Slinavka i šap - bolest koja nam stalno preti" in 34. Savetovanje veterinara Srbije, Zlatibor, 7-10. septembar 2023 (2023):16-20.